Rente mit 67 - Folgen für den Arbeitsmarkt?

Welche Anforderungen an den Arbeitsmarkt sind mit der schrittweisen Anhebung der Regelaltersgrenze in der gesetzlichen Rentenversicherung auf 67 Jahre verbunden? Heinrich Tiemann, Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Soziales, unterstreicht, dass nicht nur die Bundesregierung und die Verantwortlichen in den Ländern und Kommunen, sondern auch die Sozialpartner auf betrieblicher und überbetrieblicher Ebene gefordert sind. Stefanie Wahl, Institut für Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft, Bonn, sieht die größte Anpassungslast bei den Unternehmen und Arbeitnehmern: "Erstere müssen künftig Innovationen und Produktivität, sprich: ihre internationale Wettbewerbsfähigkeit mit den vorhandenen älter werdenden Mitarbeitern erreichen. Letztere müssen alles daran setzen, dass sie die fachlichen und physisch-psychischen Anforderungen bis zum Erreichen der Altersgrenze erfüllen." Alexander Gunkel, Bundesvereinigung der Deutschen Arbeitgeberverbände, fordert ergänzend beschäftigungsfördernde Reformen, insbesondere im Bereich der Bildung. Und für Reinhold Schnabel, Universität Duisburg-Essen, ist es entscheidend, die Qualifikation der Erwerbstätigen zu sichern.Altersgrenze, Arbeitsmarkt, Gesetzliche Rentenversicherung, Ältere Arbeitskräfte, Beschäftigung, Deutschland

Das bandkeramische Gräberfeld vom „Viesenhäuser Hof“ bei Stuttgart-Mühlhausen: Neue Untersuchungsergebnisse zum Migrationsverhalten im frühen Neolithikum

Einleitung: Gegenstand des vorliegenden Beitrags ist die Rolle der Mobilität im Leben der frühen Ackerbauern und Viehzüchter in Südwestdeutschland. Seit Jahrzehnten werden wissenschaftliche Auseinandersetzungen über die Bedeutung von Wanderungsbewegungen bei der Ausbreitung der produzierenden Wirtschaftsweise in Europa zwischen 7000 und 4000 v. Chr. geführt. Dabei gehen traditionelle Überlegungen davon aus, dass die ersten Ackerbauern in Mitteleuropa Zuwanderer waren, die ein ‚Paket‘ neuer Errungenschaften und Ideen mit sich führten, das u. a. Haustiere, dauerhafte Siedlungen, Keramik und den Ackerbau enthielt.1 Neuere Untersuchungen und Überlegungen gestehen dagegen der einheimischen Bevölkerung eine maßgebliche Bedeutung bei der Übernahme der neolithischen Wirtschaftsweise zu.2 Die Mobilität des Menschen ist aber nicht nur für die Erklärung des Neolithisierungsprozesses, sondern auch für das Verständnis der Lebens- und Wirtschaftsweise der Menschen in den mittleren und späteren Abschnitten der Linearbandkeramik von höchstem Interesse. Die bisherige Forschungsdiskussion basierte in diesem Zusammenhang überwiegend auf indirekten Argumenten, d. h. auf Artefakten, die auch getauscht oder gestohlen worden sein konnten, aber nicht auf den Überresten der potenziellen Zuwanderer selbst, die in Form von Knochen und Zähnen erhalten sind. Die vorliegende Studie bedient sich der direkten Analyse menschlicher Skelettreste der bandkeramischen Gräber vom ‚Viesenhäuser Hof‘, Stuttgart-Mühlhausen, mittels anthropologischer Untersuchungen und Strontiumisotopenanalysen. Nachfolgend werden der Fundplatz in seinem archäologischen Kontext der Linearbandkeramik sowie die Ergebnisse der anthropologischen Untersuchungen und Strontiumisotopenanalysen vorgestellt und dann die Rolle der Mobilität im Leben der frühen Ackerbauern und Viehzüchter sowie für die Ausbreitung der neolithischen Wirtschaftsweise diskutiert. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen ist eines der ältesten bandkeramischen Gräberfelder, die bislang für derartige Untersuchungen zur Verfügung standen

Modulation of mammalian cell behavior by nanoporous glass

The introduction of novel bioactive materials to manipulate living cell behavior is a crucial topic for biomedical research and tissue engineering. Biomaterials or surface patterns that boost specific cell functions can enable innovative new products in cell culture and diagnostics. This study investigates the influence of the intrinsically nano-patterned surface of nanoporous glass membranes on the behavior of mammalian cells. Three different cell lines and primary human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) proliferate readily on nanoporous glass membranes with mean pore sizes between 10 and 124 nm. In both proliferation and mRNA expression experiments, L929 fibroblasts show a distinct trend toward mean pore sizes >80 nm. For primary hMSCs, excellent proliferation is observed on all nanoporous surfaces. hMSCs on samples with 17 nm pore size display increased expression of COL10, COL2A1, and SOX9, especially during the first two weeks of culture. In the upside down culture, SK-MEL-28 cells on nanoporous glass resist the gravitational force and proliferate well in contrast to cells on flat references. The effect of paclitaxel treatment of MDA-MB-321 breast cancer cells is already visible after 48 h on nanoporous membranes and strongly pronounced in comparison to reference samples, underlining the material's potential for functional drug screening

The role of magnetic anisotropy in the Kondo effect

In the Kondo effect, a localized magnetic moment is screened by forming a correlated electron system with the surrounding conduction electrons of a non-magnetic host. Spin S=1/2 Kondo systems have been investigated extensively in theory and experiments, but magnetic atoms often have a larger spin. Larger spins are subject to the influence of magnetocrystalline anisotropy, which describes the dependence of the magnetic moment's energy on the orientation of the spin relative to its surrounding atomic environment. Here we demonstrate the decisive role of magnetic anisotropy in the physics of Kondo screening. A scanning tunnelling microscope is used to simultaneously determine the magnitude of the spin, the magnetic anisotropy and the Kondo properties of individual magnetic atoms on a surface. We find that a Kondo resonance emerges for large-spin atoms only when the magnetic anisotropy creates degenerate ground-state levels that are connected by the spin flip of a screening electron. The magnetic anisotropy also determines how the Kondo resonance evolves in a magnetic field: the resonance peak splits at rates that are strongly direction dependent. These rates are well described by the energies of the underlying unscreened spin states.Comment: 14 pages, 4 figures, published in Nature Physic

A Tunable Two-impurity Kondo system in an atomic point contact

Two magnetic atoms, one attached to the tip of a Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) and one adsorbed on a metal surface, each constituting a Kondo system, have been proposed as one of the simplest conceivable systems potentially exhibiting quantum critical behaviour. We have succeeded in implementing this concept experimentally for cobalt dimers clamped between an STM tip and a gold surface. Control of the tip-sample distance with sub-picometer resolution allows us to tune the interaction between the two cobalt atoms with unprecedented precision. Electronic transport measurements on this two-impurity Kondo system reveal a rich physical scenario which is governed by a crossover from local Kondo screening to non-local singlet formation due to antiferromagnetic coupling as a function of separation of the cobalt atoms.Comment: 22 pages, 5 figure

Specialization Does Not Predict Individual Efficiency in an Ant

The ecological success of social insects is often attributed to an increase in efficiency achieved through division of labor between workers in a colony. Much research has therefore focused on the mechanism by which a division of labor is implemented, i.e., on how tasks are allocated to workers. However, the important assumption that specialists are indeed more efficient at their work than generalist individuals—the “Jack-of-all-trades is master of none” hypothesis—has rarely been tested. Here, I quantify worker efficiency, measured as work completed per time, in four different tasks in the ant Temnothorax albipennis: honey and protein foraging, collection of nest-building material, and brood transports in a colony emigration. I show that individual efficiency is not predicted by how specialized workers were on the respective task. Worker efficiency is also not consistently predicted by that worker's overall activity or delay to begin the task. Even when only the worker's rank relative to nestmates in the same colony was used, specialization did not predict efficiency in three out of the four tasks, and more specialized workers actually performed worse than others in the fourth task (collection of sand grains). I also show that the above relationships, as well as median individual efficiency, do not change with colony size. My results demonstrate that in an ant species without morphologically differentiated worker castes, workers may nevertheless differ in their ability to perform different tasks. Surprisingly, this variation is not utilized by the colony—worker allocation to tasks is unrelated to their ability to perform them. What, then, are the adaptive benefits of behavioral specialization, and why do workers choose tasks without regard for whether they can perform them well? We are still far from an understanding of the adaptive benefits of division of labor in social insects

Factors associated with care-related Quality of Life of adults with Intellectual Disabilities in England: Implications for Policy and Practice

Over the last three decades, quality of life (QoL) has been advocated as an indicator of social care outcomes for adults with intellectual disabilities. In England, the Adult Social Care Survey (ASCS) is conducted annually by local authorities to contribute to the evidence base of the care-related QoL of people receiving publicly-funded adult social care. This study explores relationships between QoL and non-care related factors to identify relationships that could inform social care policy and practice. Cross-sectional data collected from 13,642 adults who participated in the 2011 and 2012 ASCS were analysed using regression to explore the factors associated with QoL measured using the Adult Social Care Outcomes Toolkit (ASCOT). Self-rated health, rating of the suitability of home design and anxiety/depression were all found to be significantly associated with ASCOT. Other individual and survey completion factors were also found to have weak significant relationships with ASCOT. The models also indicate that there was an increase in overall ASCOT-QoL and in five of the eight ASCOT domains (Personal comfort and cleanliness, Safety, Social participation, Occupation and Dignity) between 2011 and 2012. These findings demonstrate the potential value of QoL data for informing policy for people with intellectual disabilities by identifying key factors associated with QoL, the characteristics of those at risk of lower QoL, and QoL domains that could be targeted for improvement over time. Future research should establish causal relationships and explore the risk-adjustment of scores to account for variation outside of the control of social care support

Search for a Technicolor omega_T Particle in Events with a Photon and a b-quark Jet at CDF

If the Technicolor omega_T particle exists, a likely decay mode is omega_T -> gamma pi_T, followed by pi_T -> bb-bar, yielding the signature gamma bb-bar. We have searched 85 pb^-1 of data collected by the CDF experiment at the Fermilab Tevatron for events with a photon and two jets, where one of the jets must contain a secondary vertex implying the presence of a b quark. We find no excess of events above standard model expectations. We express the result of an exclusion region in the M_omega_T - M_pi_T mass plane.Comment: 14 pages, 2 figures. Available from the CDF server (PS with figs): http://www-cdf.fnal.gov/physics/pub98/cdf4674_omega_t_prl_4.ps FERMILAB-PUB-98/321-

Observation of Hadronic W Decays in t-tbar Events with the Collider Detector at Fermilab

We observe hadronic W decays in t-tbar -> W (-> l nu) + >= 4 jet events using a 109 pb-1 data sample of p-pbar collisions at sqrt{s} = 1.8 TeV collected with the Collider Detector at Fermilab (CDF). A peak in the dijet invariant mass distribution is obtained that is consistent with W decay and inconsistent with the background prediction by 3.3 standard deviations. From this peak we measure the W mass to be 77.2 +- 4.6 (stat+syst) GeV/c^2. This result demonstrates the presence of two W bosons in t-tbar candidates in the W (-> l nu) + >= 4 jet channel.Comment: 20 pages, 4 figures, submitted to PR

Measurement of the lepton charge asymmetry in W-boson decays produced in p-pbar collisions

We describe a measurement of the charge asymmetry of leptons from W boson decays in the rapidity range 0 enu, munu events from 110+/-7 pb^{-1}of data collected by the CDF detector during 1992-95. The asymmetry data constrain the ratio of d and u quark momentum distributions in the proton over the x range of 0.006 to 0.34 at Q2 \approx M_W^2. The asymmetry predictions that use parton distribution functions obtained from previously published CDF data in the central rapidity region (0.0<|y_l|<1.1) do not agree with the new data in the large rapidity region (|y_l|>1.1).Comment: 13 pages, 3 tables, 1 figur